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Historical periods |
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| Name | Type | Start | End |
| Later Neoproterozoic - Snowball Earth or Marine Glaciation, precursor to the Cambrian Explosion | |||
| Ordovician–Silurian extinction in two bursts, followed by a cooling event possibly caused by tectonic plate movement | |||
| Karoo Ice Age | |||
| The Pliocene climate became cooler, drier, and more seasonal, similar to the modern climate. | |||
| Various estimates of the origin of the language | |||
| Food storage 420-200 thousand years ago: in the form of unbroken bones preserved for bone marrow in Qesem Cave, Israel. | |||
| The people of Olorgesailie in southern Kenya undergo technological improvements in tool making and engage in long-distance trade. | |||
| The emergence of modern man in Western Asia (Misliya Cave in Israel) | |||
| The emergence of clothing | |||
| The Abbasian Pluvial Period in North Africa - the Sahara Desert region was wet and fertile. | |||
| Migration of Khoisan tribes from South Africa to East Africa | |||
| Pluvial abbessia humidis in North Africa | |||
| Last Glacial Age, not to be confused with Last Glacial Maximum or Late Glacial Maximum | |||
| The division between sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans. | |||
| Evidence of Australian Aboriginal culture | |||
| Neanderthal admixture in Caucasians | |||
| Ancient Australia, History of Indigenous Australians | |||
| Mousterian period in North Africa. The Sahara Desert region is humid and fertile. The Late Stone Age begins in Africa. | |||
| Mousterian Pluvial Wet in North Africa | |||
| The first waves of Homo sapiens settlers arrive in Europe, representing early European modern humans. | |||
| Cultures of the Châtelperronian period in France. | |||
| The earliest evidence of footwear, as indicated by changes in the morphology of the foot bones in China, was made by Tianyuan man. The earliest physical footwear found to date is a bark sandal dating back to 10,000-9,000 years ago in Fort Rock Cave, United States. | |||
| The oldest known cremation ritual, Lady Mungo, in Lake Mungo, Australia. | |||
| The first human settlements were established by Australian Aborigines in several areas that are now the cities of Sydney | |||
| The Gravettian period in Europe | |||
| Last Glacial Maximum (peaked 26,500 years ago). | |||
| The oldest known pottery used to make figurines rather than for cooking or storing food | |||
| The Last Glacial Maximum, which is often referred to in popular parlance as the "Last Ice Age" | |||
| General time frame for the existence of the Malta-Buret' culture around Lake Baikal, an archaeological culture whose human remains are typical of the Ancient Northern Eurasian Peoples (ANEP) that appeared some time before. The Malta-Buret' settlements consisted of temporary huts built of mammoth bones and inhabited by reindeer hunters, but their art is among the most sophisticated of its time and has many parallels with wood carvings elsewhere in Eurasia (such as their Venus figurines), indicating an exchange of ideas over long distances. Both Europeans and American Indians have significant kinship with the ANEP. | |||
| The earliest known human footprints in North America were discovered in what is now White Sands National Park, New Mexico. | |||
| The earliest use of pottery in Xianren Cave, China. | |||
| Minatogawa Man (proto-Mongoloid phenotype) in Okinawa, Japan | |||
| Khoisanid expansion into Central Africa. | |||
| Although estimates vary widely, scholars believe that Afro-Asiatic was spoken as a single language during this time period. | |||
| Expansion of Caucasian hunter-gatherers into Europe. | |||
| The Oldest Dryas is cold, starts slowly and ends abruptly (B-S) | |||
| The oldest evidence of prehistoric warfare (Jabal Sahaba, Natufian culture). | |||
| The end of the last ice age, global warming, retreat of glaciers. | |||
| Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of sheep in Mesopotamia. | |||
| The Younger Dryas is a period of sudden cooling and a return to glacial conditions. | |||
| The older Dryas is cold, interrupting the warm period for several centuries (B-S) | |||
| Allered's Warm-Wet Oscillation (B-S) | |||
| Climate change Huelmo-Mascardi cold in the Southern Hemisphere | |||
| Younger Dryas a sudden cold and dry period in the Northern Hemisphere (B-S) | |||
| Jōmon period | |||
| The emergence of agriculture | |||
| Domestication of sheep | |||
| The oldest known surviving building is Gobekli Tepe, in Türkiye | |||
| Holocene Climate Optimum Warm Period approximately 4.9°C warmer than LGM | |||
| Ice Age 1B, a sharp rise in sea level of 7.5 m (25 ft) over about 160 years. | |||
| Domestication of rice | |||
| Indigenous peoples of the southwestern Amazon basin domesticate cassava, the first domesticated crop in the New World, followed by squash and dozens of tree species. They also begin to actively alter the Amazon landscape, converting open savannas into forests and steadily increasing the biomass and biodiversity of the modern Amazon rainforest. | |||
| Byblos appears to have been inhabited during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Remains of Neolithic buildings can be seen at the site. | |||
| Borealism (B-S), rising sea levels, forest replacing tundra in northern Europe | |||
| In northern Mesopotamia, now northern Iraq, barley and wheat began to be grown. They were first used to make beer, porridge, and soup, and eventually bread. Early agriculture at this time used a planting stick, but in later centuries this was replaced by a primitive plough. Around this time, a round stone tower was built in Jericho, which now stands 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and 8.5 metres (28 ft) in diameter. | |||
| Postglacial sea level rise is slowing, preventing the land from being flooded as much as it has been for the past 10,000 years. | |||
| Identical ancestry point: At some point during this period, there was a final subgroup of the human population consisting of those who were the common ancestor of all living humans, and the rest left no descendants today | |||
| large permanent settlements such as Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Catalhoyuk, Türkiye. | |||
| Neolithic subpluvial period in North Africa. The Sahara Desert at that time was like a savannah. Lake Chad was larger than today's Caspian Sea. African culture develops in the Sahel region. | |||
| Subpluvial Neolithic/African Humid Period in North Africa, humid | |||
| Holocene Climatic Optimum, or Atlantic in Northern Europe (B-S) | |||
| The first European farmers arrive in Europe via Anatolia. They replace Western hunter-gatherer populations in many areas, mix in others, and introduce agriculture to Europe | |||
| The 8.2-millennia-old event, a sudden drop in global temperatures, was likely caused by the final melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, leading to arid conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia. | |||
| A sudden rise in sea level (glacial wave 1C) of 6.5 m (21 ft) in less than 140 years ends the early Holocene sea level rise and sea level remains virtually unchanged throughout the Neolithic. | |||
| Proto-writing: in modern Egypt, Iraq, Romania, China, India and Pakistan | |||
| The emergence of proto-writing in China, South-Eastern Europe (Vinci symbols), and Western Asia (proto-cuneiform writing). | |||
| The earliest pottery in the New World was made in the Amazon Basin. | |||
| Vinca culture. | |||
| The oldest evidence of cheese found in Poland and Croatia. | |||
| Old Peron was warm and humid, and sea levels were 2.5 to 4 metres (8 to 13 feet) higher than the twentieth-century average | |||
| Trypillian building in the settlement of Nebelovka (Ukraine), whose population reached 15,000-18,000 people. | |||
| The earliest evidence of the existence of wheels was found in countries such as Ukraine, Poland and Germany. | |||
| The Dené–Yeniseian languages diverged into Na-Dene in North America and Yeniseian in Siberia. This connection is thought to have arisen from a reverse migration of early Native Americans from Beringia back to Siberia, where they formed the Yeniseian peoples who were once widespread across Eurasia. However, recent research indicating a linguistic and technological continuum extending into the Common Era makes it difficult to determine the direction of migration and homeland of the Dené–Yeniseian people. | |||
| The Somerset Plains are home to the Post Track and Sweet Track. | |||
| Bronze Age India | |||
| The Norte Chico or Caral-Supe civilization begins on the coast of Peru with the construction of monumental structures and the founding of the first cities in America. It is considered to be the oldest civilization in America | |||
| Piora Oscillation, cold, perhaps not global. Wetter in Europe, drier elsewhere, linked to horse domestication in Central Asia. | |||
| Early Dynastic Period or Archaic Period (two dynasties) | |||
| Jemdet Nasr period | |||
| The appearance of papyrus in Egypt | |||
| The prosthesis was first documented in the Ancient Near East, Ancient Egypt and Iran, particularly for eye prosthetics; an eye found in Iran was likely made of bitumen paste coated with a thin layer of gold. | |||
| The emergence of rhinoplasty in Egypt | |||
| Earliest evidence of indigenous iron production in West Africa | |||
| The East African pastoralist Neolithic culture built the earliest and largest monumental cemetery in East Africa at the site of the North Pillar of Lotagama | |||
| Neopluvial Period in North America | |||
| Bronze Age | |||
| Mayans | |||
| Early Aegean Civilization (Crete, Greece and Near East | |||
| Early Dynastic Period | |||
| Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors | |||
| Old Kingdom (four dynasties) | |||
| The Kerma culture begins in Nubia. | |||
| Akkadian Empire | |||
| Iron smelting in Kaman Kalehöyuk. | |||
| First Intermediate Period (four dynasties) | |||
| Gutian dynasty | |||
| Xia dynasty | |||
| Middle Kingdom (three dynasties) | |||
| Ur III period | |||
| First Babylonian dynasty | |||
| The Middle Bronze Age Cold Period, a period of unusually cold climate in the North Atlantic region | |||
| Hittites | |||
| Proto-Sinaitic script is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt. | |||
| Second Intermediate Period (four dynasties) | |||
| Shang dynasty | |||
| New Kingdom (three dynasties) | |||
| Kassites | |||
| Mitanni | |||
| Olmecs | |||
| The appearance of concrete in Tiryns (Mycenaean Greece), although it was not yet waterproof. | |||
| Iron Age in India | |||
| Vedic period: Mahajanapadas | |||
| Third Intermediate Period (five dynasties) | |||
| Iron Age | |||
| Greek expansion and colonization | |||
| Zhou dynasty | |||
| Western Zhou | |||
| Medes | |||
| Neo-Assyrian Empire | |||
| Iron Age Cold Cold in the North Atlantic. Possibly related to the Homeric Minimum | |||
| Archaic period – the establishment of city-states in Greece | |||
| Archaic Greece – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BC | |||
| Eastern Zhou | |||
| Spring and Autumn period | |||
| Medes | |||
| Late Period of Ancient Egypt (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) | |||
| The Urewe culture dominates the African Great Lakes region. It was one of the oldest iron smelting centres in Africa. | |||
| Neo-Babylonian Empire | |||
| Pre-classical period – the fall of Nineveh to the second Persian invasion of Greece | |||
| Carthaginian Libya | |||
| Achaemenid Empire | |||
| Achaemenid Empire | |||
| Persian Empires | |||
| Magadha period: Nandas, Mauryans, Shungas | |||
| Classical antiquity | |||
| Classical Greece | |||
| Warring States period | |||
| The birth of Socrates. | |||
| Yayoi period | |||
| The advent of animal-powered rotary mills | |||
| Macedonian era | |||
| Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties | |||
| Greek occupation of Persia | |||
| Conquered by Macedonian Empire | |||
| Hellenistic Greece | |||
| Seleucid Empire | |||
| Seleucid Empire | |||
| Sangam period: Cholas, Chalukyas, Pallavas and Pandyans | |||
| Roman Warm Period | |||
| Parthian Empire | |||
| Parthian Empire | |||
| Satavahanas | |||
| Qin dynasty | |||
| Xiongnu | |||
| Han dynasty | |||
| Western Han | |||
| Classical India | |||
| Roman Libya | |||
| Late Roman Republic | |||
| Aegyptus (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) | |||
| Principate of the Roman Empire | |||
| Teotihuacan | |||
| Xin dynasty | |||
| Eastern Han | |||
| Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, exact date unknown. | |||
| Golden period: Kushans | |||
| Aksumite Kingdom: Forms in the Horn of Africa. | |||
| The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan after conquering modern-day Romania, Iraq, and Armenia. | |||
| Commodus: Becomes Roman Emperor. | |||
| Classic and Postclassic eras, Central America | |||
| Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late Horizon | |||
| Six Dynasties | |||
| Three Kingdoms | |||
| Sassanid Empire | |||
| Sasanian Empire | |||
| Kofun period | |||
| Jin dynasty | |||
| Chaturanga, the predecessor of chess, was invented in India during the Gupta Empire. | |||
| Late Antiquity | |||
| Growth of Azan and Zanj settlements on the Swahili coast. Local industry and international trade flourish. | |||
| Migration Period | |||
| Vakatakas | |||
| Coptic period | |||
| Sixteen Kingdoms | |||
| Guptas | |||
| Rouran Khaganate | |||
| Byzantine era | |||
| Tarumanagara | |||
| Visigoths: and other Germanic tribes cross Roman Gaul for the first time. | |||
| Southern and Northern Dynasties | |||
| Middle Ages | |||
| Early Middle Ages | |||
| Vandal Libya | |||
| Medieval Age in India | |||
| Sudden cold snap and crop failure possibly caused by volcanic dust | |||
| Anterior Lý dynasty and Triệu Việt Vương, Third Chinese domination, Khúc Family, Dương Đình Nghệ, Kiều Công Tiễn, Ngô dynasty, The 12 Lords Rebellion, Đinh dynasty, Prior Lê dynasty, Lý dynasty, Trần dynasty, Hồ dynasty, Fourth Chinese domination | |||
| Sui dynasty | |||
| Islamic Libya | |||
| Ottoman Libya | |||
| Sasanian Egypt (one dynasty) | |||
| Tang dynasty | |||
| Chenla | |||
| Rashidun Caliphate | |||
| Rashidun Egypt | |||
| Asuka period | |||
| Persia under Caliphates | |||
| Umayyad Egypt | |||
| Umayyad Caliphate | |||
| Kingdom of Sunda | |||
| High Caliphate | |||
| Muslim period: Delhi, Bengal, Bahmani and Gujarat sultanates | |||
| Nara period | |||
| Uyghur Khaganate | |||
| Tripartite period: Palas, Rashtrakutas and Gurjaras | |||
| Abbasid Egypt | |||
| Abbasid Caliphate | |||
| Kingdom of Mataram | |||
| Viking Age (Scandinavia, Europe) | |||
| Heian period | |||
| Toltecs | |||
| Khmer Empire | |||
| Samanids | |||
| Iranian Intermezzo | |||
| Tahirids | |||
| Saffarids | |||
| Tulunid dynasty | |||
| Medieval Warm Period, wet in Europe, dry in North America, possibly depopulated Great Plains of North America, associated with Medieval Renaissance in Europe | |||
| Abbasid Egypt | |||
| Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period | |||
| Liao dynasty | |||
| Liao dynasty | |||
| Fatimid Caliphate | |||
| Buyids | |||
| Buyid dynasty | |||
| Ikhshidid dynasty | |||
| Earlier Middle Period | |||
| Song dynasty | |||
| Northern Song | |||
| Fatimid Dynasty | |||
| Aztecs | |||
| Seljuk Empire | |||
| Western Xia dynasty | |||
| Kediri | |||
| Seljuq dynasty | |||
| High Middle Ages | |||
| Jin dynasty | |||
| Southern Song | |||
| Ayyubid Dynasty | |||
| Ayyubid dynasty | |||
| Kamakura period | |||
| Khwarazmian Empire | |||
| Mongol Empire | |||
| Mongol occupation of Persia | |||
| Singhasari | |||
| Little Ice Age: Various dates between 1250 and 1550 or later are used to mark the beginning of the Little Ice Age, ending on equally varied dates around 1850 | |||
| Yuan Dynasty of China | |||
| Golden Horde | |||
| Mamluk dynasties | |||
| Bahri dynasty | |||
| Later Middle Period | |||
| Ilkhanate | |||
| Yuan dynasty | |||
| Majapahit | |||
| Late Middle Ages | |||
| The Renaissance | |||
| Ottoman Empire | |||
| The Great Famine of 1315-1317 in Europe | |||
| Kingdom of Mewar | |||
| Muromachi period | |||
| Disintegration of the Ilkhanate | |||
| Vijayanagara empire | |||
| Ming dynasty | |||
| Timurid Empire | |||
| Aq Qoyunlu | |||
| Burji dynasty | |||
| Age of Discovery (or Exploration) | |||
| Gajapati empire | |||
| Early modern period | |||
| Spurrer's minimum cold | |||
| Tudor period | |||
| Spanish Hegemony (America, 1492-1832) | |||
| Spanish hegemony | |||
| Safavid Iran | |||
| Safavid Empire | |||
| Polish Golden Age | |||
| Ottoman Egypt (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) | |||
| Spanish Conquest of Mexico | |||
| Mughal empire | |||
| New Spain | |||
| Elizabethan era | |||
| Azuchi–Momoyama period | |||
| Baroque | |||
| Baroque | |||
| Stuart period | |||
| Jacobean era | |||
| Edo period | |||
| Age of Discovery, European maritime exploration of Australia | |||
| Thirteen British Colonies | |||
| Caroline era | |||
| Qing dynasty | |||
| British Interregnum | |||
| Golden Age of Piracy | |||
| Maunder Minimum Low sunspot activity | |||
| Stuart Restoration | |||
| Carolean era | |||
| Maratha empire | |||
| Petrine Era | |||
| Qing dynasty | |||
| Georgian era | |||
| Afsharid Iran | |||
| Zand Iran | |||
| Industrial Age | |||
| Romantic era | |||
| United Colonies | |||
| Confederation period | |||
| Convict era | |||
| Long nineteenth century | |||
| First Party System | |||
| Federalist Era | |||
| Dalton minimum low sunspot activity, cold | |||
| Jeffersonian democracy | |||
| Qajar Iran | |||
| Napoleonic era | |||
| Muhammad Ali dynasty | |||
| Mexican War of Independence | |||
| British hegemony | |||
| Era of Good Feelings | |||
| First Mexican Empire | |||
| First Mexican Republic | |||
| Second Party System | |||
| Jacksonian democracy | |||
| Centralist Republic of Mexico | |||
| Victorian era | |||
| Victorian era | |||
| Second Federal Republic of Mexico | |||
| Civil War Era | |||
| Civil War Era | |||
| Third Party System | |||
| Colonial period: British Raj | |||
| Second French Mexican Empire | |||
| Reconstruction era | |||
| Khedivate of Egypt | |||
| Restored Republic | |||
| Meiji period | |||
| Belle Époque | |||
| Porfiriato | |||
| Gilded Age | |||
| Machine Age | |||
| Federation era | |||
| Fourth Party System | |||
| Progressive Era | |||
| Colonial Libya | |||
| Edwardian era | |||
| Revolutionary Mexico | |||
| Xinhai Revolution | |||
| Republic of China | |||
| Taishō period | |||
| Sultanate of Egypt | |||
| First, interwar period and Second World Wars | |||
| United States in World War I | |||
| Warlord Era | |||
| Interwar Britain | |||
| Roaring Twenties | |||
| Kingdom of Egypt | |||
| Pahlavi Iran | |||
| Shōwa period | |||
| Chinese Civil War | |||
| Maximato | |||
| Great Depression | |||
| Fifth Party System | |||
| PRI One-Party State | |||
| Second Sino-Japanese War | |||
| World War II | |||
| United States home front during World War II | |||
| Cold War | |||
| Post-World War II | |||
| Chinese Civil War | |||
| Second Elizabethan era | |||
| Civil Rights Movement | |||
| United States in the Vietnam War | |||
| The integrated circuit is independently invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. | |||
| Libyan Arab Republic | |||
| Reagan Era | |||
| Heisei period | |||
| Internet Age | |||
| Post-Cold War period |